Each year, millions of people are stung by wasps, an often painful and sometimes even dangerous event in case of an allergic reaction. It is essential to know the first aid to provide to effectively calm a sting and prevent complications. Approximately 80% of wasp stings are benign and do not require specific medical care. However, a wasp sting can be dangerous if it causes an allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening. That's why it's important to understand the nature of the wasp sting, the symptoms that may result, and the first aid to provide.
Understanding Wasp Stings
Unlike bees, wasps can sting repeatedly because their stinger is not barbed and therefore remains attached to their body. Wasp venom, composed of proteins and enzymes, causes an immediate inflammatory reaction at the sting site. This reaction results in intense pain, redness, swelling, and itching. In some cases, an allergic reaction may occur, requiring urgent medical intervention.
Differences with Bee Stings
- The wasp's stinger is not barbed, unlike the bee's, which allows the wasp to sting multiple times.
- Wasp venom is more potent than bee venom, which can lead to a more intense reaction.
- Wasp stings do not leave a stinger in the skin, unlike bee stings.
Symptoms of a Wasp Sting
The symptoms of a wasp sting vary in intensity depending on the person's sensitivity and the amount of venom injected. The most common symptoms are:
- Intense and immediate pain
- Redness and swelling around the sting area
- Intense itching
- Local swelling and warmth
Wasp Venom
Wasp venom is a complex substance containing proteins and enzymes that trigger an inflammatory reaction in the body. The venom proteins are responsible for the classic sting symptoms, while the enzymes destroy surrounding tissues and can cause additional irritation. The composition of the venom may vary slightly depending on the wasp species. For example, the venom of the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) contains more powerful enzymes than that of the hornet wasp (Vespa crabro), which may explain the difference in the intensity of the reactions.
Immediate First Aid
In the event of a wasp sting, it is essential to act quickly to relieve pain and inflammation and prevent complications. Here are the steps to follow to provide first aid:
Remove the Stinger (if present)
In the case of a bee sting, the stinger remains stuck in the skin and it is important to remove it quickly. However, wasps do not have a barbed stinger, so it is not necessary to remove it.
Clean the Wound
Clean the sting area with soap and water to remove impurities and any remaining venom. You can then disinfect the wound with 70° alcohol.
Apply Cold
Apply a cold compress or ice pack wrapped in a cloth to the sting area for 10 to 15 minutes. The cold will help reduce swelling and pain by vasoconstricting blood vessels and reducing inflammation.
Elevate the Sting Area
If possible, elevate the sting area above the level of the heart to promote drainage of inflammation and reduce swelling.
Relieving Pain and Inflammation
Once immediate first aid has been applied, you can use natural remedies or over-the-counter medications to relieve pain and inflammation.
Antihistamines
Antihistamines block the action of histamine, a chemical released by the body in response to the sting, responsible for the inflammatory reaction. Antihistamines are available in tablet, syrup, or cream form. For example, cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine are effective antihistamines for relieving symptoms related to wasp stings.
Anti-Itch Creams
Anti-itch creams contain ingredients that soothe irritated skin and reduce itching. Choose a cream suitable for your skin type, especially for children, and avoid products containing corticosteroids. Calamine, hydrocortisone, and diphenhydramine are common ingredients in anti-itch creams.
Baking Soda
Prepare a paste with baking soda and water, then apply it to the sting area. Baking soda neutralizes the acidity of the venom and reduces inflammation.
Other Tips
- Apply cold black tea to the sting area, as it contains tannins with anti-inflammatory and astringent properties.
- Use apple cider vinegar diluted in water to calm pain and inflammation. First test a small amount of vinegar on a non-sensitive area to make sure you are not allergic.
Reacting in Case of Allergic Reaction
In some cases, a wasp sting can cause an allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis. This is a serious reaction that can be life-threatening. If you experience any of the following symptoms, call emergency services immediately:
- Hives or widespread itching
- Significant swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing
- Dizziness or fainting
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
Call Emergency Services Immediately
In case of an allergic reaction, every minute counts. Call emergency services immediately at 112 (in France). Clearly describe the situation and the symptoms you are experiencing.
Adrenaline Administration
If you are allergic to wasp stings, it is important to always have an adrenaline auto-injector (also called EpiPen) with you. This device injects a dose of adrenaline that can reverse the effects of the allergic reaction. It is important to consult a doctor to obtain an adrenaline auto-injector adapted to your situation and to familiarize yourself with its use.
Prevent Allergic Reactions
If you have already had an allergic reaction to a wasp sting, wear an alert bracelet indicating your allergy. See a doctor for an allergy test and obtain a treatment plan in case of an allergic reaction. It is also important to know that approximately 3% of people who have been stung by a wasp develop an allergy to the venom. Allergic individuals should exercise caution and avoid areas where wasps are present.
Preventing Wasp Stings
The best way to prevent wasp stings is to avoid areas where they are present. Here are some tips to protect yourself:
Avoid High-Risk Areas
Avoid places where wasps are attracted to food and waste, such as:
- Trash cans
- Picnic areas
- Ripe fruits
- Scented flowers
Wear Light and Covering Clothing
Wasps are attracted to bright colors and perfumes. Wear light and covering clothing to camouflage yourself. Avoid perfumes and scented cosmetics.
Protect Yourself from Sugary Drinks
Wasps are attracted to sugary drinks. Drink with a straw or lid and do not leave food in the open air.
Do Not Try to Kill Wasps
If you encounter a wasp, do not approach it and do not try to kill it. Venom can be released even after the wasp's death. In the event of a wasp nest, it is important to contact a professional for its destruction. In France, there are more than 20,000 species of insects, of which 10,000 are hymenoptera, including wasps, bees, and hornets. It is important to understand the potential dangers and take the necessary precautions to avoid stings.
Additional Tips
- See a doctor if the sting is near an eye, lips, or genitals.
- Learn about the wasp species present in your area. Some are more aggressive than others.
- Identify wasp nests and do not approach them. Contact a professional for nest removal.
- If you have children, watch them carefully and explain the dangers of wasp stings to them.